Measurement of the Radiation Energy in the Radio Signal of Extensive Air Showers as a Universal Estimator of Cosmic-Ray Energy
21 Jun 2016 · The Pierre Auger Collaboration, Aab Alexander, Abreu Pedro, Aglietta Marco, Ahn Eun-Joo, Samarai Imen Al, Albuquerque Ivone, Allekotte Ingomar, Allison Patrick, Almela Alejandro, Castillo Jesus Alvarez, Alvarez-Muñiz Jaime, Batista Rafael Alves, Ambrosio Michelangelo, Aminaei Amin, Anastasi Gioacchino Alex, Anchordoqui Luis, Andringa Sofia, Aramo Carla, Arqueros Fernando, Arsene Nicusor, Asorey Hernán Gonzalo, Assis Pedro, Aublin Julien, Avila Gualberto, Awal Nafiun, Badescu Alina Mihaela, Baus Colin, Beatty Jim, Becker Karl Heinz, Bellido Jose A., Berat Corinne, Bertaina Mario Edoardo, Bertou Xavier, Biermann Peter, Billoir Pierre, Blaess Simon G., Blanco Alberto, Blanco Miguel, Blazek Jiri, Bleve Carla, Blümer Hans, Boháčová Martina, Boncioli Denise, Bonifazi Carla, Borodai Nataliia, Brack Jeffrey, Brancus Iliana, Bretz Thomas, Bridgeman Ariel, Brogueira Pedro, Buchholz Peter, Bueno Antonio, Buitink Stijn, Buscemi Mario, Caballero-Mora Karen S., Caccianiga Barbara, Caccianiga Lorenzo, Candusso Marina, Caramete Laurentiu, Caruso Rossella, Castellina Antonella, Cataldi Gabriella, Cazon Lorenzo, Cester Rosanna, Chavez Alan G., Chiavassa Andrea, Chinellato Jose Augusto, Chudoba Jiri, Cilmo Marco, Clay Roger W, Cocciolo Giuseppe, Colalillo Roberta, Coleman Alan, Collica Laura, Coluccia Maria Rita, Conceição Ruben, Contreras Fernando, Cooper Mathew J., Cordier Alain, Coutu Stephane, Covault Corbin, Cronin James, Dallier Richard, Daniel Bruno, Dasso Sergio, Daumiller Kai, Dawson Bruce R., de Almeida Rogerio M., de Jong Sijbrand J., De Mauro Giuseppe, Neto Joao de Mello, De Mitri Ivan, de Oliveira Jaime, de Souza Vitor, del Peral Luis, Deligny Olivier, Dhital Niraj, Di Giulio Claudio, Di Matteo Armando, Diaz Johana Chirinos, Castro Mary Lucia Díaz, Diogo Francisco, Dobrigkeit Carola, Docters Wendy, D'Olivo Juan Carlos, Dorofeev Alexei, Hasankiadeh Qader Dorosti, Anjos Rita dos, Dova Maria Teresa, Ebr Jan, Engel Ralph, Erdmann Martin, Erfani Mona, Escobar Carlos O., Espadanal Joao, Etchegoyen Alberto, Falcke Heino, Fang Ke, Farrar Glennys, Fauth Anderson, Fazzini Norberto, Ferguson Andrew P., Fick Brian, Figueira Juan Manuel, Filevich Alberto, Filipčič Andrej, Fratu Octavian, Freire Martín Miguel, Fujii Toshihiro, García Beatriz, Garcia-Gamez Diego, Garcia-Pinto Diego, Gate Florian, Gemmeke Hartmut, Gherghel-Lascu Alexandru, Ghia Piera Luisa, Giaccari Ugo, Giammarchi Marco, Giller Maria, Głas Dariusz, Glaser Christian, Glass Henry, Golup Geraldina, Berisso Mariano Gómez, Vitale Primo F. Gómez, González Nicolás, Gookin Ben, Gordon Jacob, Gorgi Alessio, Gorham Peter, Gouffon Philippe, Griffith Nathan, Grillo Aurelio, Grubb Trent D., Guarino Fausto, Guedes Germano, Hampel Matías Rolf, Hansen Patricia, Harari Diego, Harrison Thomas A., Hartmann Sebastian, Harton John, Haungs Andreas, Hebbeker Thomas, Heck Dieter, Heimann Philipp, Herve Alexander E., Hill Gary C., Hojvat Carlos, Hollon Nicholas, Holt Ewa, Homola Piotr, Hörandel Jörg, Horvath Pavel, Hrabovský Miroslav, Huber Daniel, Huege Tim, Insolia Antonio, Isar Paula Gina, Jandt Ingolf, Jansen Stefan, Jarne Cecilia, Johnsen Jeffrey A., Josebachuili Mariela, Kääpä Alex, Kambeitz Olga, Kampert Karl Heinz, Kasper Peter, Katkov Igor, Keilhauer Bianca, Kemp Ernesto, Kieckhafer Roger, Klages Hans, Kleifges Matthias, Kleinfeller Jonny, Krause Raphael, Krohm Nicole, Kuempel Daniel, Mezek Gasper Kukec, Kunka Norbert, Awad Alaa Metwaly Kuotb, LaHurd Danielle, Latronico Luca, Lauer Robert, Lauscher Markus, Lautridou Pascal, Coz Sandra Le, Lebrun Didier, Lebrun Paul, de Oliveira Marcelo Augusto Leigui, Letessier-Selvon Antoine, Lhenry-Yvon Isabelle, Link Katrin, Lopes Luis, López Rebeca, Casado Aida López, Louedec Karim, Lucero Agustin, Malacari Max, Mallamaci Manuela, Maller Jennifer, Mandat Dusan, Mantsch Paul, Mariazzi Analisa, Marin Vincent, Mariş Ioana, Marsella Giovanni, Martello Daniele, Martinez Humberto, Bravo Oscar Martínez, Martraire Diane, Meza Jimmy Masías, Mathes Hermann-Josef, Mathys Sebastian, Matthews James, Matthews John, Matthiae Giorgio, Maurizio Daniela, Mayotte Eric, Mazur Peter, Medina Carlos, Medina-Tanco Gustavo, Meissner Rebecca, Mello Victor, Melo Diego, Menshikov Alexander, Messina Stefano, Micheletti Maria Isabel, Middendorf Lukas, Minaya Ignacio A., Miramonti Lino, Mitrica Bogdan, Molina-Bueno Laura, Mollerach Silvia, Montanet François, Morello Carlo, Mostafá Miguel, Moura Celio A., Muller Marcio Aparecido, Müller Gero, Müller Sarah, Navas Sergio, Necesal Petr, Nellen Lukas, Nelles Anna, Neuser Jens, Nguyen Phong H., Niculescu-Oglinzanu Mihai, Niechciol Marcus, Niemietz Lukas, Niggemann Tim, Nitz Dave, Nosek Dalibor, Novotny Vladimir, Nožka Lyberis, Núñez Luis, Ochilo Livingstone, Oikonomou Foteini, Olinto Angela, Pacheco Noelia, Selmi-Dei Daniel Pakk, Palatka Miroslav, Pallotta Juan, Papenbreer Philipp, Parente Gonzalo, Parra Alejandra, Paul Thomas, Pech Miroslav, Pękala Jan, Pelayo Rodrigo, Pepe Iuri, Perrone Lorenzo, Petermann Emily, Peters Christine, Petrera Sergio, Petrov Yevgeniy, Phuntsok Jamyang, Piegaia Ricardo, Pierog Tanguy, Pieroni Pablo, Pimenta Mário, Pirronello Valerio, Platino Manuel, Plum Matthias, Porcelli Alessio, Porowski Czeslaw, Prado Raul Ribeiro, Privitera Paolo, Prouza Michael, Quel Eduardo J, Querchfeld Sven, Quinn Sean, Rautenberg Julian, Ravel Olivier, Ravignani Diego, Reinert Darius, Revenu Benoît, Ridky Jan, Risse Markus, Ristori Pablo, Rizi Vincenzo, de Carvalho Washington Rodrigues, Rojo Jorge Rubén Rodriguez, Rodríguez-Frías Maria Dolores, Rogozin Dmytro, Rosado Jaime, Roth Markus, Roulet Esteban, Rovero Adrian, Saffi Steven J., Saftoiu Alexandra, Salazar Humberto, Saleh Ahmed, Greus Francisco Salesa, Salina Gaetano, Gomez Jose Sanabria, Sánchez Federico, Sanchez-Lucas Patricia, Santos Edivaldo Moura, Santos Eva, Sarazin Fred, Sarkar Biswaijt, Sarmento Raul, Sarmiento-Cano Christian, Sato Ricardo, Scarso Carlos, Schauer Markus, Scherini Viviana, Schieler Harald, Schmidt David, Scholten Olaf, Schoorlemmer Harm, Schovánek Petr, Schröder Frank G., Schulz Alexander, Schulz Johannes, Schumacher Johannes, Sciutto Sergio, Segreto Alberto, Settimo Mariangela, Shadkam Amir, Shellard Ronald C., Sigl Guenter, Sima Octavian, Śmiałkowski Andrzej, Šmída Radomir, Snow Gregory, Sommers Paul, Sonntag Sebastian, Sorokin J., Squartini Ruben, Srivastava Yogendra N., Stanca Denis, Stanič Samo, Stapleton James, Stasielak Jaroslaw, Stephan Maurice, Stutz Anne, Suarez Federico, Durán Mauricio Suarez, Suomijärvi Tiina, Supanitsky A. Daniel, Sutherland Michael, Swain John, Szadkowski Zbigniew, Taborda Oscar Alejandro, Tapia Alex, Tepe Andreas, Theodoro Vanessa Menezes, Timmermans Charles, Peixoto Carlos J. Todero, Toma Gabriel, Tomankova Lenka, Tomé Bernardo, Tonachini Aurelio, Elipe Guillermo Torralba, Machado Diego Torres, Travnicek Petr, Trini Marta, Ulrich Ralf, Unger Michael, Urban Martin, Galicia Jose F. Valdés, Valiño Ines, Valore Laura, van Aar Guus, van Bodegom Patrick, Berg Ad M. van den, van Velzen Sjoert, van Vliet Arjen, Varela Enrique, Cárdenas Bernardo Vargas, Varner Gary, Vasquez Rafael, Vázquez Jose R., Vázquez Ricardo, Veberič Darko, Verzi Valerio, Vicha Jakub, Videla Mariela, Villaseñor Luis, Vlcek Brian, Vorobiov Serguei, Wahlberg Hernan, Wainberg Oscar, Walz David, Watson Alan, Weber Marc, Weidenhaupt Klaus, Weindl Andreas, Welling Christoph, Werner Felix, Widom Allan, Wiencke Lawrence, Wilczyński Henryk, Winchen Tobias, Wittkowski David, Wundheiler Brian, Wykes Sarka, Yang Lili, Yapici Tolga, Yushkov Alexey, Zas Enrique, Zavrtanik Danilo, Zavrtanik Marko, Zepeda Arnulfo, Zimmermann Benedikt, Ziolkowski Michael, Zuccarello Francesca ·
We measure the energy emitted by extensive air showers in the form of radio emission in the frequency range from 30 to 80 MHz. Exploiting the accurate energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory, we obtain a radiation energy of 15.8 \pm 0.7 (stat) \pm 6.7 (sys) MeV for cosmic rays with an energy of 1 EeV arriving perpendicularly to a geomagnetic field of 0.24 G, scaling quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy. A comparison with predictions from state-of-the-art first-principle calculations shows agreement with our measurement. The radiation energy provides direct access to the calorimetric energy in the electromagnetic cascade of extensive air showers. Comparison with our result thus allows the direct calibration of any cosmic-ray radio detector against the well-established energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory.
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